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??? ??? ??

?? 3??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??.

?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????: ???.

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), ??? ??? ??

• ASTM C182-88(2004) ?? ????? ???? ????
• ASTM RR-D18-1018 2010 D5084-??? ? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??

Japanese Industrial Standards Committee (JISC), ??? ??? ??

• JIS R 2618:1995 ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????

??:   ?? ??? ??, ??? ?? ??, ?? ?? ??, ??? ??? ??, ?? ? ??? ??? ??, ??? ?? ??, ??? ??? ??, tga ??? ??, ?????? ?? ??, voc ??? ??, voc ??? ??, ?? ??? ??, ??? ????, ??? ??? ??, ????? ????, pH ??? ??, ??? ?? ??, ?? ??? ??, ??? ????, ?? ??? ??? ??.